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SpanishInflationFinancial educationFinTech

Educación Financiera y Ley Fintech

El miércoles 26 de octubre, el Banco Central de Chile (BC) entregó los resultados de la Encuesta Financiera de Hogares (EFH) de 2021, realizada desde el 2017. Previo a esta entrega, la última EFH es la del año 2017. Esta encuesta entrega información detallada sobre la situación financiera de los hogares, como ahorros, endeudamiento y uso de medios de pago, entre otros.

Al ser representativa a nivel nacional, la EFH otorga información útil para diseñar y evaluar políticas públicas (por ejemplo, educación financiera) y apoyo en la elaboración de estudios, como el Informe de Estabilidad Financiera realizado por el BC.

De acuerdo con la encuesta, el ingreso del hogar mediano aumentó desde alrededor de $1.008.000 en 2017 a $1.138.861 en 2021, medido en pesos de 2019. En otras palabras, el poder adquisitivo de los hogares aumentó, principalmente liderado por un alza en el poder adquisitivo de hogares con menores ingresos.

Si bien esta noticia es positiva, continuar con la senda de incrementos del poder adquisitivo de los hogares no será fácil hacia adelante, dado el contexto inflacionario que vivimos hoy en día. En el 2022, el índice de remuneraciones reales solamente ha tenido variaciones negativas, a pesar de que los salarios nominales han aumentado. La alta inflación, producto del aumento de liquidez durante la pandemia y el contexto internacional, explica este fenómeno. Para revertir esta tendencia en las remuneraciones reales se necesita tanto mayor inversión local como extranjera. Además, tiene que consolidarse la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas.

Otro resultado positivo reportado por la EFH es el aumento en el número de hogares que poseen algún tipo de activo financiero (desde 34% a 37%), liderado por el aumento en cuentas de ahorro (desde 18% a 25%). El sistema financiero incrementa el bienestar de las personas, siempre y cuando su uso sea responsable e informado. Conceptos como la diversificación del riesgo, inflación e interés compuesto deben ser conocidos por quienes utilizan el sistema financiero.

Un reporte liderado por la Universidad de Washington y el Banco Mundial, llamado Financial Literacy Around the World, indica que quienes no comprenden algunos conceptos financieros tienden a incurrir en mayores costos de transacción, mayores deudas y mayores tasas de interés. Si bien Chile lidera el ranking de educación financiera en Latinoamérica, se encuentra por detrás de sus pares de la OCDE, indicando que todavía hay un importante trabajo que hacer.

La ley Fintech, aprobada recientemente, traerá nuevos actores y mayor competencia a la industria financiera, lo cual se traducirá en una mayor oferta y menores precios para los clientes, quienes indudablemente se verán beneficiados. En mi opinión, esta ley debe ser acompañada con políticas públicas de educación financiera que ayuden a que las personas tomen decisiones responsables e informadas.

El uso de los datos entregados por la EFH puede ser de suma utilidad para evaluar el efecto de la Ley Fintech en las finanzas de los hogares, así como también para diseñar y evaluar políticas públicas de educación financiera. Como país, debemos hacernos cargo de este desafío lo antes posible para que no solo unas pocas, sino que todas las personas se vean beneficiadas de este y futuros avances en la industria financiera.



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